General Introduction – Importance and Scope of chemistry

Laws of chemical combination, Dalton’s atomic theory: the concept of elements, atoms and molecules

Atomic and molecular masses. Mole concept and molar mass; percentage composition and empirical and molecular formula; chemical reactions, stoichiometry and calculations based on stoichiometry

Atomic number, isotopes and isobars. Concept of shells and subshells, dual nature of matter and light, de Broglie’s relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, concept of orbital, quantum numbers, shapes of s,p, and d orbitals, rules for filling electrons in orbitals – Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principles and Hund’s rule, electronic configuration of atoms, stability of half filled and completely filled orbitals

Modern periodic law and long-term form of the periodic table, periodic trends in properties of elements – atomic radii, ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, valence

Valence electrons, ionic bond, covalent bond, bond parameters, Lewis structure, the polar character of covalent bond, valence bond theory, resonance, the geometry of molecules, VSEPR theory, the concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules, molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules (qualitative idea only). Hydrogen bond

Three states of matter, intermolecular interactions, types of bonding, melting and boiling points, the role of gas in elucidating the concept of the molecule, Boyle’s law, Charle’s Law, Gay Lussac’s law, Avogadro’s law, ideal behaviour of gases, empirical derivation of the gas equation. Avogadro number, ideal gas equation. Kinetic energy and molecular speeds(elementary idea), deviation from ideal behaviour, liquefaction of gases, critical temperature

Liquid state – Vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension (qualitative idea only, no mathematical derivations)

The first law of thermodynamics – internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity and specific heat, measurement of U and H, Hess’s law of constant heat summation, enthalpy of: bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, ionization, solution and dilution

Introduction of entropy as state function, Second law of thermodynamics, Gibbs energy for the spontaneous and non-spontaneous process, criteria for equilibrium and spontaneity.

Third law of thermodynamics – Brief introduction

Equilibrium in Physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constant, factors affecting equilibrium Le Chatelier’s principle, ionic equilibrium – ionization of acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, ionization of polybasic acids, acid strength, concept of pH., Hydrolysis of salts(elementary idea), buffer solutions, Henderson equation, solubility product, common ion effect (with illustrative examples)

Concept of oxidation and oxidation and reduction, redox reactions oxidation number, balancing redox reactions in terms of loss and gain of electron and change in oxidation numbers

Occurrence, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen, hydrides-ionic, covalent and interstitial; physical and chemical properties of water, heavy water; hydrogen peroxide-preparation, reactions, uses and structure

General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationship, trends in the chemical reactivity with oxygen, water, hydrogen and halogens, uses

Preparation and properties of some important compounds

Sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate, biological importance of sodium and potassium

Industrial use of lime and limestone, biological importance of Mg and Ca

Group 13 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous properties of first element of the group, Boron, some important compounds: borax, boric acids, boron hydrides. Aluminium: uses, reactions with acids and alkalies

General 14 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation of states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous behaviour of first element. Carbon, allotropic forms, physical and chemical properties: uses of some important compounds: oxides

Important compounds of silicon and a few uses: silicon tetrachloride, silicones, silicates and zeolites, their uses

General introduction, methods of purification qualitative and quantitative analysis Classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds

Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation

Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: free radials, carbocations, carbanions; electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of organic reactions

Alkanes – Nomenclature, isomerism, conformations (ethane only), physical properties, chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation, combustion and pyrolysis

Alkenes – Nomenclature, structure of double bond(ethene), geometrical isomerism, physical properties, methods of preparation: chemical reactions: addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, hydrogen halides (Markovnikov’s addition and peroxide effect), ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic addition

Alkynes – Nomenclature, structure of triple bond (ethyne), physical properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction of – hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides and water

Aromatic hydrocarbons – introduction, IUPAC nomenclature, Benzene; resonance, aromaticity, chemical properties: mechanism of electrophilic substitution – Nitration sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel Craft’s alkylation and acylation, directive influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene; carcinogenicity and toxicity

Environmental pollution – Air, water and soil pollution, chemical reactions in atmosphere, smogs, major atmospheric pollutants; acid rain ozone and its reactions, effects of depletion of ozone layer, green house effect and global warming- pollution due to industrial wastes; green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution, strategy for control of environmental pollution